AI Structured Summary
Not yet generated for this judgment
Judgment
Ramachandra Iyer, J.
(1) This appeal arises from the decree in O. S. No. 39 of 1952 on the file of the Sub Court, Vellore. The first plaintiff is the appellant. The suit, out
of which this appeal has arisen, was instituted by five persons, claiming as heirs of one Syed Akbar Sahib, who died on 25-7-1940, for partition
and separate possession of their share of properties. Syed Akbar Sahib left behind him his widow, Baju Bi, the 4th plaintiff, four sons and two
daughters. Of them, one son, Syed Ahamad Sahib, and a daughter, Syadana Bibi, are now dead. The interest of the deceased daughter, Syadana
Bi, has devolved upon the other heirs by virtue of a compromise arrangement with her husband, one of her heirs. Syed Ahamad Sahib died on 3-
10-1951, leaving behind him defendants 1 to 5 to the suit, as heirs.
According to the plaintiffs, the late Syed Akbar Sahib left behind him the properties mentioned in Schedules A to C, that after his lifetime, his eldest
son, Syed Ahamad Sahib, who was a Circle Inspector of Police, managed the properties by virtue of power of attorney executed by other
members of the family, and that in the course of his management he acquired D Schedule properties. The plaintiffs further claimed that after the
death of Syed Ahamad Sahib, his heirs, defendants to the action, acquired E schedule properties out of the income from the estate of the deceased
Syed Akbar Sahib. The plaintiffs, therefore, claimed administration of the estate of the deceased Syed Akbar Sahib and allotment of their shares in
the properties
(2) The heirs of Syed Ahamad Sahib contested the suit. They contended that the estate of the deceased, Syed Akbar Sahib, had been completely
administered, a partition effected between all the heirs, and what each possessed thereafter was his or her own property. According to them, the
heirs of Syed Akbar met in July 1943, agreed to auction the properties between themselves, and divide the proceeds.
In support of their case, they relied upon Ex. B. 11, an unregistered deed of partition between the heirs, and also Exs. B. 12 to B. 16, the receipts
granted by the heirs for having received their aliquot share of the total realisation from the estate. They also raised a contention relating to the extent
of the properties, which formed part of the estate of the deceased.
(3) The learned Subordinate Judge held that Syed Akbar Sahib left only the properties set out in plaint schedule A and the outstandings, except
item No. 2, that were mentioned in schedule B. He accepted the case of the defendants that there was a partition of the properties left by the
deceased Syed Akbar Sahib on 12-10-1943, and held that the plaintiffs would not be entitled to sue for partition again or claim the properties
subsequently acquired, namely, D and E schedule properties. On those findings, the suit was dismissed. The first plaintiff has preferred this appeal
against the judgment and decree of the lower Court.
(4) There is no controversy before us as to the properties that belonged to the estate of the deceased. It must, therefore, be taken that item 2 of
Schedule B and those covered by schedules C, D and E did not belong to the estate of the deceased, Syed Akbar Sahib. The claim in the appeal
was pressed with reference to the other properties alone. To entitle the appellant to a share in those properties it is necessary to consider whether
Syed Akbar Sahib''s estate still remains to be administered. To decide that question it is necessary to find whether the alleged partition arrangement
of 12-10-1943 is valid and true. The case for the contesting defendants is that about three years after the death of Syed Akbar, his heirs met on
10-7-1943, and agreed that a partition should be effected in respect of the assets left by the deceased. Ex. B. 8 is a record of proceedings of the
meeting of four sons and the widow of Syed Akbar Sahib. That is dated 10-7-1943.
The document has been signed by Syed Ahamad and his brothers, namely, plaintiffs 1 to 3. In Ex. B. 8 it is recorded that the parties agreed that all
the properties including the outstandings, should be auctioned between the parties, and that the highest bidder among the sharers should take them.
As the daughters were not present at the meeting it was resolved that notice should be issued to them. Exs. B. 9 and B. 10 show that notices were
actually sent to the daughters. It is admitted that the parties met on 19-7-1943 at Vellore, and an auction took place. But, as the daughters of the
deceased did not attend the auction, no final agreement was possible. So much has been admitted by the plaintiffs themselves. On behalf of the
defendants, it was stated that on 12-10-1943 all the heirs of Syed Akbar Sahib met at Polur in the family house effected certain transactions in
accordance with their previous agreement and partitioned the estate.
According to them, Syed Ahamad Sahib purchased A schedule properties and items 8, 12, 13 of B schedule properties for a sum of Rs. 3,110.
His brother, the 2nd plaintiff, purchased items 9 and 10 of B schedule, Sakina Bi, the 5th plaintiff, purchasing item 11 of B schedule, and the other
sister, Sydani Bi, purchased items 4 to 7 of B schedule. No formal conveyance was, however, executed in favour of the purchasers. It was their
further case that accounts relating to the management of the estate of the deceased Syed Akbar under the power of attorney were looked into, and
there was a complete adjustment of the rights of the parties under which realisations of the auction sale were divided between them. Ex. B. 11
purports to be an agreement entered into between all the heirs of the deceased in regard to the partition effected. That is dated 12-10-1943. Exs.
B. 12 to B. 16 are relied upon as receipts by the various heirs of Syed Akbar for the moneys received by them under the partition agreement.
(5) The case for the appellant, who contests the truth of the alleged partition, is two-fold. The first is that Ex. B. 11 is not genuine, that there was
no partition on 12-10-1943 or on any later date, and that the parties continued to own the properties as tenants in common, the eldest son, Syed
Ahamad, being in possession of the same as agent of the rest.
(6) The second is that Ex. B. 11, even if it were found to be genuine, would be inadmissible in evidence, as it had not been registered, and that it
could not be relied upon to support the case of partition.
(7) In the memorandum of appeal, however no objection has been taken in regard to genuineness of Ex. B. 11. but it must be noticed that the
substantial point urged in the lower Court was about the genuineness of Ex. B. 11, and we, therefore, permitted the learned advocate for the
appellant to argue that point in order to satisfy ourselves that no injustice was done to the appellant by reason of his omission to raise the necessary
grounds in the appeal memorandum.
(8) Ex. B. 11 is an agreement, dated 12-10-1943, between the parties. That document states that the parties decided to conduct an auction
amongst themselves and to divide the proceeds as per the previous arrangement. The previous arrangement referred to was evidently Ex. B. 8.
The document is signed by the sons and daughters of Syed Akbar. Ex. B. 11 is the partition agreement between the parties. That recites as to how
the auctions were conducted and the amounts realised therein and then proceeds to state as follows:
Accordingly (1) Syadani Bi Ammal, (2) Syed Ibrahim Sahib, (3) Sakina Bi Ammal, and (4) Syed Ahamad Sahib only bid in the auction, got the
properties and became the sole owners thereof. The entire proceeds of the auction is Rs. 5,133. By virtue of the management of the family affairs
by No. 3 the balance is Rs. 1,064-9-6. He having accounted for the balance and having accepted the amount, there is a sum of Rs. 6,197-9-6.
Out of this, after paying Rs. 1,200 as and for the debt due by our father to Syed Ibrahim Sahib, Rs. 200 as and for the marriage expenses of
Zerura, the daughter of Syed Ibrahim Sahib, Rs. 200 as and for the maintenance of the grandfather, Kaja Hussain Sahib, Rs. 300 as and for the
mehar dues due to Bijibi Ammal by No. 1, Rs. 300 as and for Stridhana arrears due to Sakina Bi and Rs. 110 as and for Stridhana arrears due to
Syadana Bi Ammal, in all Rs. 2,210 the balance is Rs. 3,987-9-6, and we accept the same. We received the amount as per the details below.
The share amounts of the various sharers are then set out in the document which proceeds to state.
......... Further there are no moveable or Immovable properties to be partitioned between us. Hereafter there would be blood relationship between
ourselves and nothing else. In future all the properties earned by an individual belong to him and for the debt incurred by him he will be liable and
none other have right over them........... The bidders in the auction can make use of the conditions set forth and realise the amounts due to them,
and others have no objection for such realisation, and if there is any obstruction they can realise the amount through the help of power of attorney
executed by us in favour of No. 3 of us, Syed Ahamad Sahib.
(9) The document purported to be signed by the sons and daughters of the deceased, and there is also a thumb impression said to be that of Bijibi.
The learned Advocate for the appellant impugned the genuineness of the document on three grounds.
(After discussing evidence, His Lordships concluded):
These circumstances, in our opinion, show that Ex. B. 11 is a genuine document, and that there was a partition on 12-10-1943, of the assets of the
family, which, by virtue of the previous arrangement between the sharers, consisted only of cash.
(10) The learned advocate for the appellant, next contended that Ex. B. 11 should be held to be inadmissible in evidence, as it was not registered.
We have referred already to the relevant portions of the document. By virtue of the arrangement entered into between the parties, all the properties
of the family had been auctioned between the sharers and purchased by them. What really represented the property of the co-heirs was only the
money realised in the auctions. That was not Immovable property, and the document which effected a partition thereof would not require
registration. But the learned advocate for the appellant contended that Ex. B. 11, on its terms, purported to effect a transfer of the Immovable
properties belonging to the sharers, and that, therefore, it would require registration under S. 17(1)(b) of the Registration Act.
In this connection he relied upon a sentence in Ex. B. 11 which states, ""Accordingly Syadani Bi Ammal etc. only bid in the auction, purchased the
properties and became owners thereof."" It was contended that this amounted to a declaration of title to Immovable properties, and that therefore,
the document would require registration. We cannot agree with that contention. The portion of the document to which a reference has been made
has got to be read along with the rest of the document. If it is so read, it becomes clear that it amounts only to a statement of a completed
transaction, namely, the auction sale of the properties, under which various sharers got the Immovable properties, in lieu of certain sums of money
paid by them. From Ex. B. 11 it is seen that the entire proceeds of the sales was Rs. 5,133, and, this along with what resulted after taking accounts
between the parties, was divided.
The sum of Rs. 5,133, thus, represented the proceeds of the properties that originally belonged to the co-sharers, and, when that money came in, it
cannot be said that the co-tenants had any subsisting right to the properties that had been sold; the sum of Rs. 5,133 took the place of those
properties. In no sense, therefore, could it be said that when Ex. B. 11 attempted to divide the sum of Rs. 5,133, it impliedly effected a partition of
the Immovable properties. The recitals of the fact relating to the sales were only recitals of a past transaction, and they do not purport to transfer
title to the properties sold already. In considering the fact whether Ex. B. 11 purports to divide Immovable property, it is not relevant to consider
whether the auction sales had the effect of creating title in the purchasers in the absence of a registered instrument.
That point does not arise for determination in this case, if the auction sales were true, the respective purchasers, who have been proved to have
been in possession since then in accordance with the sales would have perfected their title by adverse possession. That apart, we are of opinion
that the various sales effected between the co-sharers amounted to releases by the other co-sharers and could be validly made orally. If a property
is owned by a number of persons as co-owners, each co-owner would be entitled to enjoy the entire property, and a transaction by which one co-
owner purported to abandon or relinquish his claim to the share to which he would be entitled would be in the nature of a release. In Board of
Revenue and Another Vs. V.M. Murugesa Mudaliar of Gudiyatham, a question arose as to whether a document by which one co-owner
relinquished his claim in favour of the others would amount to a release of conveyance. In delivering the judgment, the learned Chief Justice
observed,
In such a case there need be no conveyance as such by one of the co-owners in favour of other co-owners. Each co-owner in theory is entitled
to enjoy the entire property in part and in whole. It is not therefore necessary for one of the co-owners to convey his interest to the other co-
owner. It is sufficient if he releases his interest. The result of such release would be the enlargement of the share of the other co-owner. There can
be no release by one person in favour of another, who is not already entitled to the property as a co-owner.
Neither a partition with respect to nor a release of a co-owner''s right in Immovable properties need be in writing. If, however, parties reduce it to
a writing it would require registration under the Registration Act as it could affect Immovable properties. In the present case Ex. B. 11 does not
purport to be a release in regard to the Immovable properties. It only recites an arrangements entered into between the co-heirs and affirms the
auction sales and purports to divide only the proceeds. The recitals evidence a completed transaction consisting of releases in favour of the
purchasing co-sharers by the others.
(11) The admissibility of a document has to be decided by reference to S. 49 of the Registration Act. Section 49 in so far as it is relevant for this
case, states.
No document required by S. 17 or by any provision of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, to be registered shall
(a) affect any Immovable property comprised therein,
...................................................................................
(c) be received as evidence of any transaction affecting such property.......... unless it has been registered.
(12) For the application of S. 49 it must first be ascertained as to whether a particular document is required to be registered under S. 17. Section
17(1) (excluding the unnecessary portion) says:
The following documents shall be registered............... (b) other testamentary instruments which purport or operate to create, declare, assign, limit
or extinguish, whether in present or in future, any right, title or interest, whether vested or contingent, of the value of one hundred rupees and
upwards, to or in Immovable property;
(c) non-testamentary instruments which acknowledge the receipt or payment of any consideration on account of the creation, declaration,
assignment, limitation or extinction of any such right, title or interest.
(13) It is well settled that in order to come within the ambit of S. 17(1)(b) the document should purport or operate to create, declare etc. some
right, title or interest in Immovable property of value of Rs. 100 or above. Section 49 has bee held to enact both a rule of substantive law and a
rule of evidence. It declares that an unregistered document cannot affect any Immovable property comprised therein. Ex. B. 11 does not refer to
any Immovable property and S. 49(a) will not, therefore, apply to the present case. Section 49(c) prohibits receipt of unregistered document in
evidence of a transaction affecting Immovable property comprised in it. In Muruga Mudaliar (Deceased) and Others Vs. Subba Reddiar, , it was
held that S. 49(c) of the Registration Act prohibited the use of an unregistered instrument in any legal proceeding in which such a document was
sought to be relied on in support of a claim to enforce or maintain any right, title or interest to or in Immovable property. No such right has been
created by Ex. B. 11, which only purports to divide the amounts realised in the auction sale of the properties between the various sharers. The
document, in so far as it refers to the antecedent auction sales purports to make a recital of the factum and the result of the sales and does not
purport to vest title in any Immovable property in the purchasers.
(14) It was next contended that Ex. B. 11 was a part of the single transaction, namely, the agreement to sell the Immovable properties followed up
by sale thereof and by division of the proceeds, as a result of which title to the Immovable properties vested in the respective sharers and that for
the purpose of ascertaining whether registration was necessary, the result and not the purport of the transaction should be considered. We cannot
agree with that contention. The Transfer of Property Act requires that certain transactions should be effectuated only by registered instruments.
Apart from the provisions contained in that enactment, the obligation to register arises only under the Registration Act. Under the latter Act
registration is made obligatory in respect of certain specified class of documents, but there is nothing to require a transaction to be effected by a
registered instrument. Section 17 of the Registration Act enumerates the documents which require registration.
The necessity for registration under that act would depend upon what a document is or what it purports to be. A bargain or an arrangement
between the parties may comprise several transactions. The question whether there should be a writing or registration would depend on each of the
transactions and not on their cumulative result. In AIR 1949 32 (Privy Council) there was a transaction of sale of lands with an agreement to
reconvey the same within the prescribed period. A question arose as to whether the agreement to reconvey which was a part of the bargain
between the parties at the time of the sale could be proved without infringing the provisions of S. 92 of the Transfer of Property Act. The Privy
Council observed at p. 493 (of ILR Mad): (at p. 34 of AIR):
The agreements to sell and to reconvey may therefore be taken as contemporaneous. Such an arrangement, may, on occasion, amount to but a
single transaction of the entire nature of a mortgage. On the other hand, it may contemplate tow distinct transactions, as absolute sale followed by a
resale in certain events............... In their Lordships'' opinion, the correct way of stating the position is to say that the agreement reached covered
several matters but that the intention was that each of these should be effected as a separate and independent transaction. There was to be an
outright sale and that, upon the happening of a certain event, was to be followed by a reconveyance of what had been sold. The second transaction
by its very nature, premised the previous completion of the first. Both, it is true, may be taken as arranged at the same time and agreement upon
one part of the bargain may well have promoted agreement as to the rest, but such considerations do not necessarily affect the final result of the
bargaining. The determining factor lies in the ultimate shape of the agreement rather than in the process by which it is reached. An oral stipulation
may be purely collateral to the written agreement which it has induced, and that though both touch on a common subject-matter.
(15) In the present case the agreement between the parties, no doubt, comprised several transactions, namely, the auction sale of the properties to
the various sharers, which, as we have pointed out, would amount to a release the division of the proceeds of the auction sale would be an
independent transaction, depending on the completion of the vesting of title under the auction sale. Ex. B. 11 would therefore be an independent
transaction and not a part of the transaction of sale or release though it might be said to be part of an arrangement between the co-sharers.
Registerability would depend only on the terms of that document.
(16) The learned advocate for the appellant next contended that Exs. B. 12 to B. 16 would not be admissible under S. 17(c) of the Registration
Act. It is unnecessary to consider that question as Ex. B. 11 would be sufficient to prove the factum of partition in 1943. Even apart from that
circumstance, we are of opinion that Exs. B. 12 to B. 16 do not require registration, as the amounts for which the receipts given were not stated to
be on account of the creation of any interest in Immovable properties. We agree with the learned Subordinate Judge that Exs. B. 11 to B. 16
would be admissible in evidence to prove that there was a previous completed partition between the parties. They show that there had been a due
administration of the estate of the deceased Syed Akbar Sahib and an allotment of the properties to the sharers in accordance with their shares. It
follows that the plaintiffs would not be entitled to sue for repartition of the properties. Their suit has been rightly dismissed by the learned
Subordinate Judge.
(17) This appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
(18) Appeal dismissed.