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Judgment
The questions referred to us under Rule 17 of the Taxation Rules of the Madras City Municipal Act of 1919 are three in number:
(1) Whether the payments made by the Government to the Prince of Arcot are in the nature of pension and he is therefore a person in receipt of a
pension within the meaning of Explanation 2 to Section 111 of the City Municipal Act, 1919
(2) Does the liability of any person to pay profession tax for any half-year arise immediately on the expiry of the sixty days mentioned in Section
113, or does it arise only upon his being assessed by the Commissioner for that half-year under Rule 8 of the Taxation Rules and served with
notice of such assessment?
(3) Is the assessment to profession tax of the Prince oi Arcot under Rule 8 of the Taxation Rules and Section 113 of the City Municipal Act made
on the 5th of September, 1926 invalid for the ten half-years commencing from the second half-year of 1920-21?
The first question is whether the periodical payments made by the Government to the Prince of Arcot are equivalent to receipt by him of a
pension"" within the meaning of Explanation 2 to Section 111 of the Madras City Municipal Act. The material part of that section runs as follows:
Every person not liable for companies'' tax, who, within the City and Cor the period prescribed in Section 113, exercises a profession, art, trade
or calling or holds any appointment, public or private, bringing him within one. or more of the classes of persons specified in the taxation rules in
Schudle IV shall pay by way of license-fee and in addition to any ulhcr license-fee that may be leviable under this Act a tax as determined under
the said rules.
The intention of the section seems clear enough. Any person engaged in the active pursuit of a profession, art, trade or calling.or-holding any
appointment, is liable to pay profession Lax, if the income he..enjoys therefrom brings him within any of the clauses specified in the schedule. If and
when he retires he ceases to be liable. So far, however, as the holders of appointments are concerned, Explanation 2 provides that a person in
receipt of a pension paid from any source shall be deemed to be a person holding an appointment within the meaning of the section. In other
words, persons who have once held appointments are deemed to hold them for ever, while retired merchants, bankers, doctors and lawyers living
on their invested funds seem to escape. Section 93 of the District Municipalities Act draws all classes in and makes, as it should, a distinction
between holding an appointment and enjoying a pension. The learned Chief judge has gone at length into the history of the negotiations between the
Government and the Nawab of the Carnatic, which culminated in the agreement of 1867 by which the allowance now in question was fixed. It is
not necessary for us to do more than to refer to Ex. D, the final letter of the Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, recording the
agreement. The allowance is therein described as ""settled on the title,"" ""for the support of the title"" and ""attached to the title."" Mr. Rangachariar
relies on these expressions as showing that the allowance is no more than an appanage to the title and is not a pension properly so called.
Periodical payments. made by the State for the support of a title conferred by it certainly come within the definition of ""pension,"" One of the
definitions of the word in the Oxford Dictionary is ""a regular payment to persons of rank ... to enable them to maintain their state."" That definition
covers the present case exactly. From another point of view, it is equally clear that the allowance is a pension. The consideration for it was the
surrender by the Prince of certain rights. Webster''s Dictionary gives, as one of the definitions of ""pension,"" ""a stated allowance or stipend made in
consideration ... of the surrender of rights."" Several decisions have been cited before us, wherein it was held that certain allowances paid by
Government were political pensions. We think it unnecessary to refer to them. It seems to us perfectly clear that the allowance in question is a
political pension. Mr, Rangachariar contends that the word ""pension"" in Explanation 2 should be limited to allowances drawn by retired holders of
appointments in consideration of past services. The word is not defined in the Act, but we see no reason so to limit its application. It is used
generally and without any qualification and must be held to cover political pension? as well as pensions in the ordinary sense. The first question is
answered in the affirmative.
The second and third questions referred may be disposed of together. They raise the question whether the assessment of the appellant made on
15th September, 1926, for ten half-years commencing from the second half-year of 1920-21 and purporting to be made under Rule 8 of the
Taxation Rules and Section 113 of the City Municipal Act was valid.
The appellant was on 15th September, 1.926, i.e., within the first half-year of 1926-27, assessed to profession tax for that half-year and eleven
previous half-years, or six years in all. The reference relates only to the first ten half-years of the above period apparently because the appellant did
not question the opinion of the learned Chief Judge of the Small Cause Court who heard this matter that it was competent: to the respondent to
assess the appellant for the half-year in which the assessmerit took place and for one previous half-year, or a period of a year in all. It is not
disputed that the respondent was authorised, if the appellant was otherwise liable to profession tax, to assess him for the half-year in which the
assessment was made.
The dispute was about the eleven previous half-years and though the reference expressly relates to the first ten of those half-years, if the opinion
of this Court in the matter referred affects the assessment for the eleventh half-year which has been left out from the reference, it is competent to
this Court under Rule 18 of the Taxation Rules to pas''s such order as it thinks fit.
The argument for the respondent Corporation is Firstly, that profession tax becomes due and owing as soon as the minimum period of sixty days
required by Section 113 has expired even without anything done on the part of the Corporation to assess it and inform the assessee of the amount
payable and secondly, that even if the tax becomes due and owing only after assessment and intimation of the same to the assessee, it is open to
the Corporation to assess a person to the tax at any future time within six years after the expiration of the half-year for which the assessment is
made.
We think that these contentions cannot be upheld. In the first place the profession tax becomes due and owing not merely by the exercise of the
profession, art, trade or calling during the period required by Section 113, but by the assessment to the tax based upon such exercise. Reliance is
placed on the words in th^it section that ""if the tax due in respect of the half-year is not paid, the Commissioner shall cause a notice to be served
on such person."" But this section must be read with other provisions of the Act. By Section 138 the rules and tables embodied in Schudle IV shall
be read as part of Chap. V in which the Sections relating to profession tax and other taxes occur. By Section 111 profession tax is imposed upon
persons who fall ""within one or more of the classes of persons specified in the taxation rules in Schedule IV"" and the amount payable is ""a tax as
determined under the said rules."" Rule 8 of Schudle TV provides that persons shall be assessed by the Commissioner to the profession tax under
one of the nine classes therein specified on a scale to be determined within certain limits by the Corporation from time to time. By Rule 9, the
Commissioner is authorised in the case of persons not drawing a''fixed salary to determine the class in which a person falls on certain general
considerations but without calling for accounts from the assessee. Rule 12 gives an assessee to profession tax who is dissatisfied with the
assessment by the Commissioner the right to apply to him for revision, provided the application is delivered to the Municipal Office within 15 days
from the date of the service of the notice u/s 113. This indicates clearly that the tax said to be ""due"" in Section 113 is that to which the assessee has
been first assessed under the powers conferred by Rule 8. It also shows that the notice u/s 113 is the initial and essential step in the process of final
determination of the tax according to the provisions for revision of the assessment; for until that notice is served and for 15 days thereafter the right
of claiming revision is preserved. That notice has another importance because under Rule 22 the tax demanded may be distrained if it is unpaid for
15 days and the omission is not satisfactorily explained. Rule 14 provides that if the assessee is dissatisfied with the orders of the Commissioner on
an application for revision, the application must be heard and decided by the Standing Committee and that a copy of the Committee''s decision
should be sent to the applicant within two days thereof. Rule 15 then confers on the assessee a right of appeal to the Small Cause Court provided
notice of appeal is given to the Corporation in 10 days and the appeal itself is presented in 14 days from the date of the decision of the Standing
Committee and the applicant has paid in the case of a tax leviable by half-yearly instalments (profession tax is such a tax) the half-yearly instalment
due under the order appealed against. From the above provisions it is clear that the tax is not due till the Commissioner has assessed the person
liable and that even then it is only provisionally fixed for it is liable to revision in the manner mentioned above.
A reference to the corresponding provisions of the Acts I of 1884 and III of 1904 shows that the machinery of assessment and revision which
was provided for in those Acts in the body of the Act is in the present Act of 1919 relegated to Schedule IV. The comparison is instructive as
showing that the classification or assessment by the Commissioner is as essential now as it was under the former Acts. A bird''s-eye-view of the
comparative provisions of the two earlier Acts will be found in In Re: K.S. Veera Raghavalu, . u/s 101 of the Act of 1884 corresponding to
Section 118 of the Act of 1904 the President was required to keep lists of persons liable to pay profession tax and other taxes, in Schedule IV of
the present Act, Rule 1 requires the Commissioner to prepare and maintain property tax registers. Section 103 of the Act of 1884 corresponding
to Section 120 of the Act of 1904 made persons exercising a profession or holding an appointment in the City liable to pay profession tax. Section
111 of the present Act corresponds to this. Section 104 of the Act of 1884 corresponding to Section 121 of the Act of 1904 empowered the
President to determine in which of the scheduled classes any person was to he placed and to revise such classification from time to time. Now Rule
8 of Schedule IV empowers the Commissioner to assess persons to profession tax under one of the nine scheduled classes and Rule 14 empowers
him to revise the classification. Section 106 of the Act of 1884 corresponding to Section 125 empowered the President in case the tax ""due on
assessment or revision was unpaid, to send a notice that in case the tax was unpaid for 15 days after service of the notice the defaulter will be
prosecuted and those Sections empowered such prosecution. Section 107 of the Act of 1884 corresponding to Section 420 of the Act of 1904
empowered the Magistrate to impose a penalty of twice the amount of the tax. In the present Act prosecution for non-payment of profession tax
has been done away with, but the notice mentioned in Section 113 corresponds to the notice mentioned above and the present notice has two
objects. It enables the assessee if he so desires to apply in 15 days to get the assessment revised and the Corporation, in case the tax remains
unpaid for 15 clays without good cause, to distrain on the defaulter''s goods. It follows that neither under the old Acts nor under the present can
the profession tax be said to be ""due"" till the proper authority has assessed the same by the name of the assessee being placed in the proper class.
u/s 370(a) of the present Act such act of classification or assessment should be evidenced by a writing signed by the Commissioner or by some
Municipal Official delegated by him in writing u/s 16, and it is noteworthy that under this last section the power of revision given to the
Commissioner by Rule 14 cannot be delegated.
But it is urged that no time is fixed for the Commissioner to make the assessment and that it is therefore open to him to make assessments
backward for a period of 6 years. This limit on the alleged power of backward assessment is suggested on the ground that the period of limitation
for bringing a suit u/s 396 for a tax after it has become due and owing is six years. But, if the power of backward assessment exists, the limit
suggested for its exercise disappears. For the right to sue accrues only after the tax has become due and if it becomes due, as we have held it
does, only on assessment by the Commissioner, the period of limitation for any suit must begin from the date of the assessment. In other words, the
contention for the Corporation leads logically to the result that, though once a tax is assessed and lias become due, the Corporation has only six
years to recover it by suit, yet the Commissioner is authorised to put off assessing persons to profession tax for an unlimited period and so put off
indefinitely the due date of the tax and the liability of the assessee. The startling nature of this result is what compels the respondent to impose on
himself a supposed limit, really illusory, of 6 years for the exercise of the power contended for. By itself this would be a strong ground for insisting
upon explicit and clear foundation in the provisions of the Act and the rules thereunder for the existence of such a power. It is admitted that there is
no express provision in the Act and the rules which confers any such authority. But it is said that there is also nothing which negatives it and in the
absence of any such prohibition the authority must, it is argued, be deemed to exist. But on an examination of the scheme and purpose of the City
Municipal Act and on general grounds of construction of similar enactments we are unable to read, by implication into that Act, the power
contended for.
The scheme of imposition, assessment and collection of taxes laid down in the Act would seem to show that while the rate of taxation is fixed
for each year beginning with 1st April by the Council* at the Budget meeting in the February previous (Section 156) the assessment of taxes
payable by each individual is a contemporaneous operation within the period of taxation (year or half-year) in which while the Commissioner is
afforded facilities for obtaining all relevant information on which the assessment is to be based (siec Sections 114, 115 and 368) the assessee is
required within a very short time after the assessment to take all his objections to the assessment proposed (Rule 12 of the Taxation Rules). It is
hardly consistent with this scheme that the tax fixed by the Council, say for 1920-21, in February 1920 should have to be assessed and realised
from the individual tax-payers six years (as we have pointed out an unlimited number of years) later, when the Commissioner charged with the duty
of assessment would find that all relevant information has ceased to be available and the assessee might long ago have ceased to exercise the
profession and enjoy the income or salary from which he might be expected to pay the tax. In the case of Companies tax, to which similar
provisions to those applicable to profession tax are applicable, the incongruity is still more marked. No big concern like a limited company with
obligations to its shareholders which has to produce a balance-sheet in each working year and on the result of that balance-sheet to declare
dividends to its shareholders could be carried on if its Municipal assessment in that year is uncertain and is liable to be suddenly demanded for
several years together at a perfectly unknown and indefinite date. The learned Chief judge has referred to other aspects of the hardship to which
assessees would be put if the power contended for by the Corporation were upheld. We think it unnecessary to refer to them. in Rule (6),
Schedule IV of the Act it is expressly provided that when the Commissioner makes an amendment of the property tax register, as he is
empowered to do under Rule (3) by altering, adding or deleting items therein, such amendment shall be deemed to have taken effect from the
earliest date in the current year on which the circumstances justifying"" the amendment existed. This rule is remarkable both for what it enacts and
for what it forbids, in the case of property tax if a property has escaped taxation for a period of years, the Commissioner may in any subsequent
year by amending the register assess it to the tax. But the rule says that the tax is to be operative only from the earliest date in the current year in
which the (^mission was rectified. Similarly, if a property has been taxed too low, the Commissioner may amend the register. But in tliat case also
the enhanced tax. due to the amendment takes effect only from the earliest date in the year current when the amendment was made on which the
property was liable to the enhanced tax:. The careful prohibition against retrospective assessment in the case of property tax beyond the beginning
of the current year is to our mind a very strong indication that in the case of other taxes like the profession tax retrospective assessment to a greater
extent was not contemplated. Property tax is a yearly tax though payable half-yearly. Profession tax is a half-yearly tax. With this difference, if the
analogy of the property tax may be used, the inference would seem to be that the power of assessment conferred by Rule 8 of the Taxation Rules
to be properly exercised must be exercised within the half-year to which the assessment relates.
Further, the companies tax imposed by Section 110 and the profession tax imposed by Section 111 are expressly by those Sections levied ""by
way of license fee and in addition,to any other license fee that may be leviable under this Act"". The tax on carriages and animals imposed by
Section 116 is another instance of a license fee described as a tax. This is made clear by Section 121 which says that when the tax due on any
carriage or animal is paid the Commissioner shall grant the person a license to keep such carriage or animal for the period to which the payment
relates and by Section 360 which speaks of the license u/s 121 in connection with the prosecution of a defaulter. The other license fees referred to
are those leviable under Chap. Xll of the Act and Schudle VI thereof read with Section 365(2). The essence of a license is that it is a permission
which must be usually obtained before the thing licensed is done (Wharton''s Law Lexicon, page 428). The City Municipal Act in several Sections
(e.g., Sections 287, 290 and 295) requires that the license mentioned therein should be obtained in respect of existing undertakings within the first
month of the year and in respect of new undertakings before they begin and it is an offence to carry on an undertaking which requires a license
without it. In the case of such licenses, those who ought to g-et them are expected to apply for and obtain them on payment of the fees fixed by the
Council u/s 365. (2). In default, they stand the risk of prosecution and the Magistrate is required in case of conviction to recover in addition to any
fine that may be imposed the license fee and pay it over to the Corporation. But this coercive recovery of the fee does not entitle the convitted
person to the license which if wanted must be obtained by further payment [Section 365(8) and (9)]. In the case of license fees described as
companies tax and profession tax the amount of which depends on the rates Jixed by the Council and on the classification of the particular
individual in one of several classes (and this is true to a certain extent in respect of the tax on vehicles and animals) the fact that the levy is still
declared to be by way of license fee strengthens the inference that the assessment is intended to be made before or during the period to which it
relates and could not have been intended to be made long afterwards retrospectively for several periods together.
When the words of an enactment are clear and imperative, considerations of inconvenience or hardship have no place in its application to
circumstances falling within the words. But where there is no express indication in an enactment as to whether the powers given by it were meant to
be used in particular circumstances, the fact that great hardship and inconvenience would result thereby is a reason for so construing the words as
to meet all attempts to abuse the power either by exercising them in cases not intended by the statute or by refusing to exercise them when the
occasion for their exercise has arisen. (Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, 6th Edition, page 226.) Statutes which impose pecuniary burdens are
subject to the'' rule of strict construction and in a case of reasonable doubt the construction most beneficial to the subject is to be adopted (ibid.,
pages 503 and 504) though the principle of strict construction is less applicable where the powers are conferred on public representative bodies
for essentially public purposes (ibid., page 530). The only inconvenience that may be urged to result from the Corporation not having the power
contended for is that some persons who may have escaped taxation to profession tax in previous years cannot be assessed thereto in subsequent
years. But the inconvenience, if such it really is, already exists in respect to property tax, for the most important source of Municipal revenue. And
after all if the Municipal executive is vigilant and efficient such cases must be comparatively rare. On the other hand, a power to assess persons for
many years retrospectively if granted is more likely to encourage slackness and inefficiency on the part of the Municipal executive and also will
produce very great hardships on those who are suddenly called upon to pay in a lump sum the taxes which ought to be met out of current income.
The present case in which the appellant was called upon to pa)'' in addition to the tax for the current half-year a sum of Rs. 4,600 and odd on
account of 11 half-years'' arrears is a good illustration. We can find no justification for this either in the express terms of the Act or in any
reasonable construction of its intention. The decision in GUI v. Mellor. Gill y. Monday (1934) 1 K.B. 97 is no authority in favour of the
respondent, as in that case the necessary steps had been taken in previous years to make the rate an arrear and all that remained was its collection.
The decision was merely that when a rate is duly made and published, it is the duty of the parties concerned to seek the Collector and pay it.
Having regard to the difference between the procedure prescribed for making and publishing the rates according to the English Acts and that
prescribed for the assessment of property tax under the City Municipal Act, the appellant not having been assessed at all in respect of the previous
back years before 15th September, 1926, there were no arrears before that date.
Our conclusion on the second and third questions referred is that liability to pay profession tax arises only after assessment under Rule 8 of the
Taxation Rules, and that the appellant, Prince of Arcot, not havingbeen assessed in respect of the eleven half-years commencing from the second
half-year of 1920-21, within the several half-years, the assessment of 15th September, 1926, was invalid in respect of those eleven half years.