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Judgment
N.V. Balasubramanian, J.—It is a consolidated reference both at the instance of the Revenue and at the instance of the assessee. The
following question of law has been referred to us at the instance of the Department :
Whether, on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was right in law in holding that in view of the provisions of Section
2(42A), Explanation (i)(c), Section 49(2) and Section 55(2)(i), the assessee was entitled to statutory right of exercising his option to substitute the
fair market value of the shares in the amalgamating companies as on January 1, 1964, for the purpose of computing capital gains chargeable to tax
?
The question of law referred to us at the instance of the assessee reads as under :
Whether, the Tribunal is right in holding that the appellant is not entitled to deduct the sum of Rs. 1,53,128 as the cost of bonus shares in addition
to the cost of acquisition of original shares in the two amalgamated companies ?
We are concerned with the assessment of income of the assessee for the assessment year 1978-79 for which the previous year ended on April
5, 1978. The assessee in the return of income for the assessment year 1978-79 disclosed an income of Rs. 1,93,654 as dividend income, Rs.
2,187 as interest income and Rs. 54,599 as long-term capital gains on the sale of shares. In this tax case, we are not concerned with the mode of
assessment of the dividend income and interest income offered by the assessee, but the dispute in this tax case reference centres round the mode of
computation of long-term capital gains on the sale of shares.
The Income Tax Officer determined the long-term capital gains at Rs. 4,67,411 which arose on the sale of shares held by the assessee as
against the amount offered by the assessee at a sum of Rs. 54,599 and the difference arose because the Income Tax Officer found that during"" the
previous year, the assessee had sold 1,83,154 shares in Madura Coats Ltd., for Rs. 12,82,078 at Rs. 7 per share, as fixed by the Controller of
Capital Issues and after deducting the expenses, the net sale consideration was determined at Rs. 12,63,763. There is no dispute about that figure.
The Income Tax Officer found that the shares sold by the assessee were part of the original shares held by the assessee in the following two
companies :
Old Minium Mills Company Ltd. shares Old A and F Hantey Ltd. shares
3,000 shares held prior to 1-1-1964 2, 700 shares held prior to 1-1-1964
638 bonus shares issued in 1966 (out of 3,000 bonus shares received in 31,350 shares (bonus shares) issued in
1966) 1966
6,000 shares (bonus shares) issued in 1969 7,883 shares purchased in March, 1972
Total shares : 9,638 Total shares : 41,933
The two companies, viz., Madura Mills Company Limited and A and F Harvey Limited got themselves amalgamated to form a new company
called Madura Coats Limited on July 1, 1974, and the assessee got the following shares in Madura Coats Limited.
For 9,638 shares (for 5 shares 8 Madura Coats Ltd.shares) 15422
For 41,933 shares (for every share 4 Madura Coats Ltd. shares) 1,67,732
Madura Coats Ltd. shares. 183154
The Income Tax Officer found that the entire shares, viz., 1,85,154 shares in Madura Coats Limited were sold during the year of account and
arrived at the cost of acquisition of the original shares held by the assessee in Madura Mills Ltd., and in A and F Harvey Ltd., as on January 1,
1964, and recomputed the cost of acquisition of the assessee''s holding''s at Rs. 7,96,322. The Income Tax Officer did not include any separate
cost for the bonus shares of two companies as he was of the opinion that the cost of the bonus shares was included in the fair market value as on
January 1, 1964, and he arrived at the long-term capital gains at Rs. 4,67,441 deducting a sum of Rs. 7,96,322 as the cost of acquisition from the
net sale consideration of Rs. 12,63,763.
The assessee preferred an appeal objecting to the determination of long-term capital gains before the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals).
The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) held that the assessee was entitled to arrive at the cost of acquisition of the shares as well as the
bonus shares separately and the method of valuation followed by the assessee regarding the cost of the original shares as well as the bonus shares
was the correct one and the Income Tax Officer was not justified in taking the cost of the bonus shares as ""nil"". The Commissioner of Income Tax
(Appeals) allowed the appeal preferred by the assessee in part.
Aggrieved by the order of the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), the Revenue as well as the assessee preferred appeals before the
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The Revenue in its appeal raised an additional plea that the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) should have
issued the enhancement notice and enhanced the total amount of capital gains chargeable to tax holding that the assessee was not entitled to
substitute the January 1, 1964 valuation as the cost of acquisition in respect of the shares held by the assessee in the amalgamated company.
Though a question was raised on behalf of the assessee regarding entertaining the additional ground raised by the Revenue, the Appellate Tribunal
held that the issue raised by the Revenue is an aspect of the question raised in the appeal, viz., what is the true amount of capital gains to be taxed
in the hands of the assessee and having regard to the statutory provisions on the sale of shares held by the assessee in the two companies, the
Tribunal entertained the plea raised by the Revenue in its additional ground of appeal. The Tribunal on the merits of the case held that the assessee
was entitled to statutory right of exercising its option to substitute its fair market value of the shares in Madura Mills Company Limited and A and F
Harvey Limited as on January 1, 1964, and the Income Tax Officer and the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) rightly directed the Income
Tax Officer to take the fair market value of the shares as on January 1, 1964, in computing the long-term capital gains chargeable in the hands of
the assessee. The Tribunal held that the assessee was not entitled to deduct a sum of Rs. 1,53,128 as cost of the bonus shares in addition to the
cost of the original shares held in two amalgamating"" companies. The Appellate Tribunal ultimately directed the Income Tax Officer to take the
figure of long-term capital gains at Rs. 2,07,727 in the place of Rs. 1,74,001 as determined by the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals). The
Tribunal, in effect, allowed both the appeals preferred by the assessee and by the Revenue in part. On application filed by both the Revenue and
the assessee, the Appellate Tribunal has stated a case and referred the two questions of law set out earlier.
Learned counsel for the Revenue submitted that the assessee became the owner of the shares held in the amalgamated company by allotment of
shares to him in the amalgamated company in a scheme of amalgamation in lieu of the shares held by him in the amalgamating companies.
According to learned counsel for the Revenue, u/s 49(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short, ""the Act""), the cost of shares in the amalgamated
company shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating companies and the cost fixed u/s 49(2) of the Act is a
statutory cost and it cannot be varied unless provided by the statute. He referred to Section 55(2)(ii) of the Act and submitted that the capital asset
sold by the assessee viz., the shares in the amalgamating companies were not held by the assessee as on January 1, 1964, and therefore, the option
available to substitute the fair market value as on January 1, 1964, u/s 55(2)(i) is not available to the assessee, He also submitted that the
provisions of Section 55(2)(ii) of the Act are also not available as the said provisions deal with the property which become the property of the
assessee by any one of the modes specified in Section 49(1) of the Act, and since the assessee became the owner of the shares in the
amalgamated company by the mode specified in Section 49(2) of the Act, the provisions of Section 55(2)(ii) are not applicable to the facts of the
case. He, therefore, submitted that the Tribunal was not correct in holding that the assessee is entitled to substitute the market value of the shares
as on January 1, 1964, relying upon the provisions of Section 55(2)(i) of the Act.
Learned counsel for the assessee, on the other hand, supported the order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal.
Before considering the rival submissions of learned counsel for the parties, we consider that it is necessary to refer to the relevant provisions of
the Act which are relevant for the purpose of deciding the controversy raised in this case. Section 2(1A) of the Act defines the expression,
amalgamation"" and the said section reads as under :
''amalgamation'', in relation to companies, means the merger of one or more companies with another company or the merger of two or more
companies to form one company (the company or companies which so merge being referred to as the amalgamating company or companies and
the company with which they merge or which is formed as a result of the merger, as the amalgamated company) in such a manner that-
(i) all the property of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the amalgamation becomes the property of the amalgamated
company by virtue of the amalgamation ;
(ii) all the liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamated
company by virtue of the amalgamation ;
(iii) shareholders holding not less than nine-tenths in value of the shares in the amalgamating company or companies (other than shares already held
therein immediately before the amalgamation by, or by a nominee for, the amalgamated company or its subsidiary) become shareholders of the
amalgamated company by virtue of the amalgamation,
otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property of one company by another company pursuant to the purchase of such property by the
other company or as a result of the distribution of such property to the other company after the winding up of the first-mentioned company.
It is relevant to refer to the definition of the term, short-term capital asset in Section 2(42A) of the Act and the said section in so far as it is
relevant for the purpose of this case reads as under :
''short-term capital asset'', means a capital asset held by an assessee for not more than sixty months immediately preceding the date of its
transfer.
Section 45 of the Act provides for levy of capital gains and the said section reads as under :
Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset effected in the previous year shall, save as otherwise provided in Sections 53, 54,
54B, 54C and 54D be chargeable to Income Tax under the head ''Capital gains'', and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in
which the transfer took place.
Section 47(vii) of the Act provides that certain transactions are not regarded as ""transfer"", and the said section in as far as material for the
purpose of the case, reads as under :
any transfer by a shareholder, in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset being a share or shares held by him in the amalgamating company,
if-
(a) the transfer is made in consideration of the allotment to him of any share or shares in the amalgamated company, and
(b) the amalgamated company is an Indian company.
The cost with reference to the mode of acquisition is provided u/s 49 and Section 49(2) reads as under :
(2) Where the capital asset being a share or shares in an amalgamated company which is an Indian company became the property of the
assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in Clause (vii) of Section 47, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be the cost of
acquisition to him of the share or shares in the amalgamating company.
It is also necessary to refer to Section 55 which defines the expression ""cost of acquisition"" which reads as under :
Meaning of ''adjusted'', ''cost of improvement'' and ''cost of acquisition''.--(1) For the purposes of Sections 48, 49 and 50,--. . .
(2) For the purposes of Sections 48, 49, ''cost of acquisition'' in relation to a capital asset,--
(i) where the capital asset became the property of the assessee before the 1st day of January, 1954, means the cost of acquisition of the asset to
the assessee or the fair market value of the asset as on the 1st day of January, 1954, at the option of the assessee ;
(ii) where the capital asset became the property of the assessee by any of the modes specified in Sub-section (1) of Section 49, and the capital
asset became the property of the previous owner before the 1st January, 1954, means the cost of the capital asset to the previous owner or the fair
market value of the asset on the 1st day of January, 1954, at the option of the assessee ;
(iii) where the capital asset became the property of the assessee on the distribution of the capital assets of a company on its liquidation and the
assessee has been assessed to Income Tax under the head ''Capital gains'' in respect of that asset u/s 46, means the fair market value of the asset
on the date of distribution ;
(iv) (omitted) ;
(v) where the capital asset, being a share or a stock of a company, became the property of the assessee on-
(a) the consolidation and division of all or any of the share capital of the company into shares of larger amount than its existing shares,
(b) the conversion of any shares of the company into stock,
(c) the reconversion of any stock of the company into shares,
(d) the sub-division of any of the shares of the company into shares of smaller amount, or
(e) the conversion of one kind of shares of the company into another kind,
means the cost of acquisition of the asset calculated with reference to the cost of acquisition of the shares or stock from which such asset is
derived.
A fair reading of the definition of the term, ""short-term capital"" asset in Section 2(42A) of the Act indicates that the period of holding of the
shares in the amalgamating company should be clubbed along with the period of shares held in the amalgamated company for the purpose of
determining whether the shares held by the assessee are short-term capital assets or long-term capital assets. The intention of the Legislature
behind the provision is that there is virtually no difference between the shares of the amalgamating company and the amalgamated company. The
amalgamation of two companies was brought about by the orders of the court on the merger of two companies and that is the reason for the
Legislature recognising the allotment of shares in the amalgamated company in lieu of shares in the amalgamating companies as not a transfer for the
purpose of Section 45 of the Act. The Legislature has gone one step further and the legislative mandate is that since the assessee had incurred
certain cost by way of purchase of shares in the amalgamating company, the cost of shares in the amalgamated company shall be deemed to be the
cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating companies. In other words, the cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamated company is the
cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating companies.
A close study of various provisions set out above indicates that the Legislature has evolved a scheme to determine the cost of acquisition of an
asset and it is well settled that without the determination of the actual cost of the asset transferred, the liability to capital gains cannot be
determined. In so far as the shares held in an amalgamated company which is an Indian company, which became the property of the assessee by
virtue of amalgamation, the cost of the shares shall be deemed to be the cost of the shares in the amalgamating company. Section 49 of the Act
provides for determination of the cost of acquisition of asset with reference to either change of ownership or change of assets in the hands of the
same owner, but in both the cases, the assessee has a right to substitute the market value of the shares as on January 1, 1964, if the assets were
held prior to January 1, 1964.
The objects and reasons relating to the statutory provision relevant to the levy of capital gains in the case of amalgamation of companies and
allotment of shares in the case of amalgamation are found in the Finance (No. 2) Bill of 1967, which is published in Additional Expenditure Tax
Officer, Palghat Vs. Venugopala Ravi Varma Raja, , and the relevant portion reads as under :
Under the present law, certain tax liabilities are attracted in the case of a company merging with another company under a scheme of
amalgamation and, also in the cases of the shareholders of the ''amalgamating company'', (i.e., the company which merges into another company)
who receive shares in the ''amalgamated company'' (i.e., the company in which the enterprise of the other company is merged) in lieu of their
shareholdings in the amalgamating company. Some of these tax liabilities discourage amalgamations. For the purpose of facilitating the merger of
uneconomic company units with other financially sound Indian companies in the interests of increased efficiency and productivity, it is proposed to
make the following provisions in the law : . . .
(iv) No capital gains or loss will be computed in the case of the amalgamating company in respect of any capital assets transferred by it to the
amalgamated company, . . .
(vi) The shareholders in the amalgamating company receiving shares in the amalgamated company in lieu of their original shareholdings will be liable
to tax on capital gains only at the stage when they sell or otherwise transfer the shares in the amalgamated company and realise any capital gains
thereon. Such capital gains will be computed by taking the ''cost of acquisition'' thereof to be the cost of acquisition of the shares in the
amalgamating company.
The intention of Parliament is to avoid imposition of tax liability on the allotment of shares to the shareholders allotted in a scheme of
amalgamation subject to certain conditions. If the shares in the amalgamated company have been allotted in the scheme of amalgamation in
consideration of transfer of the shares held by the assessee in the amalgamating company and the amalgamated company is an Indian, company,
the provisions of Sections 2(1A), 2(42A) and 2(47) recognise that there is no transfer of shares and there is no acquisition of any new share by the
shareholder. The intention of the Legislature is clear that the transaction of allotment of shares held in the amalgamated company in lieu of the
shares in the amalgamating company is not a transfer and there is only a change in the holding of shares in the amalgamating company to the
amalgamated company. In other words, there is no transfer and the period of holding of shares in the amalgamating company is taken into account
along with the holding of shares in the amalgamated company to determine the question whether the shares are long-term capital assets or short-
term capital assets. The legal effect in treating the shares in the amalgamated company should be given full effect to and the legal fiction should be
given a logical conclusion and it is impossible to treat the shares held in the amalgamated company as distinct and separate shares from the shares
held in the amalgamating company. The cost of acquisition of shares of the amalgamating company should be taken as the cost of acquisition for
the purpose of determination of capital gains and the statutory right cannot be taken away by limiting the scope of Section 49(2) of the Act and
treating the shares held in the amalgamated company as a new asset. The intention of Parliament is to reduce the tax liability in the case of
amalgamation and it is clear that under the provisions of Section 49(2), the cost of the shares shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition of
shares in the amalgamating company.
The contention of learned counsel for the Revenue was that the shares held were held in the amalgamated company and, therefore, it is not
open to the assessee to substitute the fair market value as on January 1, 1964, as the amalgamation took place subsequent to January 1, 1964, is
not acceptable. Once it is held that there is no change in the ownership, the assessee is entitled to exercise his statutory option to substitute the
market value of shares of the amalgamating company as on January 1, 1964, as the cost of the shares u/s 55(2)(i) of the Act. Section 49(2) is
intended to determine the cost of acquisition of shares of the amalgamated company, but that does not take away the right of the assessee to
exercise his option u/s 55(2)(i) of the Act in adopting the market value of the shares of the amalgamated company as on January 1, 1964. We are
of the opinion, by virtue of Section 49(2) of the Act, the cost of the shares in the amalgamated company is deemed to be the cost of the shares in
the amalgamating company and when the shares held by him in the amalgamated company were sold, the assessee had an option to take either the
actual cost of the asset or the fair market value of the asset as on January 1, 1964. We therefore hold that the non-availability of an option u/s
55(2)(ii) of the Act does not prevent the exercise of the option provided u/s 55(2)(i) of the Act. The expression, ""cost of acquisition"" found in
Sections 48, 49 and 55 of the Act is a compendious expression and in the context of levy of capital gains, the general principle of law relating to
the cost determination of acquisition cannot be imported. Section 49(2) of the Act does riot postulate the manner in which the cost of acquisition of
shares in two amalgamating companies should be calculated. It merely declares that the cost of acquisition of the shares in the amalgamated
company shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition to him of the shares held in the amalgamating company. The cost of acquisition of shares
held in the amalgamated company would be relevant at the time of transfer of the shares held by the assessee in the amalgamated company in the
context of levy of capital gains and at that point of time, when the cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating company has to be determined,
the assessee has an option either to adopt the actual cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating company or to adopt the fair market value of
the shares as on January 1, 1964. The statutory right is not taken away by Section 55(2)(ii) of the Act as the right is available to him u/s 55(2)(i) of
the Act. It is not possible to give a restricted meaning to the expression found in Section 49(2) of the Act that the cost of shares shall be deemed to
be the cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating company and that figure is an unalterable figure. In our opinion, Section 49(2) of the Act
and Section 55(2)(i) of the Act should be read together.
The Bombay High Court in Harish Mahindra and another Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City-II, , was dealing with a case of
determination of cost of acquisition of shares acquired before January 1, 1954, but sub-divided after that date into shares of smaller denomination.
The court held that the option available u/s 55(2)(i) of the Act was not intended to be restricted only to the capital assets transferred by the
assessee, but was available in a case where the said capital assets had become the property of the assessee in any of the manners set out in
Section 55(2)(v) of the Act. The court held that even if the sub-divided shares transferred by the assessee were not the same capital assets as
constituted by the original shares from which the sub-divided shares were derived, the assessee would be entitled to exercise its option contained
in Section 55(2)(i) of the Act and substitute the fair market value as on January 1, 1954, as the cost of the acquisition, In our opinion, the principle
laid down by the Bombay High Court in Harish Mahindra''s case [1982] 135 ITR 191, would apply to a case of transfer of shares held in the
amalgamated company allotted in lieu of shares in the amalgamating company and the assessee is entitled to exercise the option u/s 55(2)(i) of the
Act as his original shares were acquired prior to January 1, 1964. We, therefore, hold that the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) and the
Appellate Tribunal committed no error in holding that the assessee is entitled to exercise the option u/s 55(2)(i) of the Act.
In so far as the question referred at the instance of the assessee is concerned, we are of the view that once the fair market value of the shares
as on January 1, 1964, is determined, it remains an unalterable figure and any issue of bonus, shares subsequent to that date is wholly extraneous
and irrelevant and cannot be taken into consideration. This court in Mala Ramesh Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, has taken the view that the
value of the bonus shares is not to be separately ascertained when an entire block of shares including bonus shares held by the assessee were sold
or transferred, and in such a situation, it is not necessary to ascertain the individual cost of each share. The position was reiterated by this court in
S. Ram Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, , wherein this court held that in case where the original shares were obtained before January 1, 1954,
and the bonus shares were obtained after January 1, 1954, and where the assessee has exercised his option adopting the fair market value as
prevalent as on January 1, 1954, it is not possible to adopt one value for the original shares, namely the value as on January 1, 1954, and another
value for the bonus shares which was prevalent after January 1, 1954. This court held that once the value of the original shares was determined in
accordance with the statutory provisions, then, the said value remains an unalterable figure and the said value should be adopted for the purpose of
dividing the same by bonus shares as well as the original shares and any alteration to the above method would be hit by the provisions of Section
55(2)(i) of the Act. This court held that once the value has been determined u/s 55(2) of the Act, that value should be taken into account and both
the original shares and bonus shares should be clubbed together and the average value should be found by dividing the fair market value opted on
January 1, 1954, by the total number of shares. The same view was taken in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bihar Vs. Dalmia Investment Co. Ltd.,
; Shekhawati General Traders Ltd. etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer, Company Circle-1, Jaipur, ; Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Prema
Ramannujam, ; Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. G.N. Venkatapathy, and COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax, MADRAS Vs. T.V.S. and
SONS LTD., .
The Supreme Court in Escorts Farms (Ramgarh) Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, New Delhi, has also accepted the principle that the
subsequent issue of bonus shares does not have the effect of altering the original cost of acquisition of shares. The same view is reiterated by a
decision of this court in Naresh (R.) v. CIT. Therefore, when all the shares including bonus shares were sold and transferred, it is not necessary to
ascertain the value of bonus shares separately and the cost of all shares being a known figure, it would be deducted to compute the capital gains.
The view arrived at by the Tribunal is in consonance with various decisions, cited supra. Accordingly, we find no infirmity in the order of the
Appellate Tribunal in holding that the assessee is not entitled to deduct the sum of Rs. 1,53,128 as cost of bonus shares in addition to the cost of
acquisition of original shares in the two amalgamated companies.
Accordingly, we answer the questions of law referred to us as under :
Question at the instance of the Revenue It is answered in the affirmative and against the Revenue.
Question at the instance of the assesses It is answered in the affirmative and against the assessee.
The Revenue would be entitled to costs of a sum of Rs. 2,000 in the assessee''s reference, and the assessee would be entitled to costs of a
sum of Rs. 2,000 in the Revenue''s reference.