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Judgment
VALMIKI J. MEHTA, J
This Regular First Appeal under Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) is filed by the plaintiff in the suit impugning the Judgment
of the Trial Court dated 29.05.2006 by which the trial court has dismissed the suit for recovery of Rs. 6,25,000/- filed by the appellant/plaintiff. The
amount of Rs. 6,25,000/- was paid by the appellant/plaintiff for dealership of the respondent/defendant. Since the appellant/plaintiff could not fulfill
Condition no. 6 of Annexure I of the Undertaking for grant of dealership and this condition was that appellant/plaintiff as per its Memorandum cannot
be permitted to carry on fund based activities, therefore in terms of Clause 19 of the terms and conditions of appointment of the appellant/plaintiff as a
dealer of the respondent/defendant, the respondent/defendant forfeited the amount of Rs. 6,25,000/- which was deposited by the appellant/plaintiff
with the respondent/defendant.
The facts of the case are that admittedly the appellant/plaintiff applied for being appointed as a dealer of the respondent/defendant. As per Clause 6
of the format of undertaking, it was required that the object clause of the Memorandum of the appellant/plaintiff should not enable the
appellant/plaintiff to carry on funds based activities. The appellant/plaintiff, however, could not comply with this Clause 6, and therefore in terms of
Clause 19 of Annexure I to the application of dealership, which provided that the sum paid of Rs. 6,00,000/- with the application for grant of dealership
is not refundable or dealership transferable, the respondent/defendant forfeited the amount of Rs. 6,25,000/- which was paid by the appellant/plaintiff
to the respondent/defendant. This clause 19 of the terms and conditions of appointment of the appellant/plaintiff as dealer with the
respondent/defendant reads as under:-
“19. The Admission fee of Rs.6 lakhs is neither refundable nor is the dealership transferable. If the applicant decides or is forced to terminate the
Dealership or if OTCEI terminates the dealership, this fee of Rs.6 lakhs is not returnable by OTCEL.â€
The issue in the present case is covered in terms of the judgment against the respondent/defendant in this appeal passed by this Court in RFA No.
576/2005decided on 30.10.2017 titled as M/s S.P.Virmani & Sons Pvt. Ltd. v. M/s OTC Exchange of India. Leaving aside minor aspects of
difference in clause numbering, the issues which arise in this appeal are the very issues which arose and were decided in RFA No. 576/2005. It was
held in the judgment in RFA No. 576/2005 that the relevant clause does not permit the forfeiture of the amount, unless first dealership is granted, and
the same was not granted either to the applicant in RFA No. 576/2005 and further, the same has not been granted to the appellant/plaintiff in the
present case. Further, an amount deposited cannot be forfeited unless loss is pleaded and proved as required by the judgments of the Supreme Court.
The relevant paragraphs of the judgment in the case of M/s S.P.Virmani & Sons Pvt. Ltd. (supra) are paragraphs 2-9 and these paragraphs read as
under:-
“2. The facts of the case are that the respondent/defendant is a recognized stock exchange under Section 4 of the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 and which wanted to appoint dealers throughout India. For this purpose advertisements were issued by the
respondent/defendant in leading newspapers. Appellant/plaintiff wanted to become a dealer by paying a sum of Rs.6 lacs as application fee and
Rs.25,000/- as annual fee. A sum of Rs. 1,00,000/- was payable at the time of submitting of the application. Appellant/plaintiff applied for dealership
and submitted application no. 6755 along with covering letter dated 31.1.1995 (Ex.PW1/3) and a pay order for a sum of Rs.1,00,000/-.
Respondent/defendant after scrutinizing the application of the appellant/plaintiff sought clarifications which were provided by the appellant/plaintiff in
terms of its letter dated 21.2.1995. Respondent/defendant called upon the appellant/plaintiff for test/interview which was duly attended by the
appellant/plaintiff’s Managing Director. Vide letter dated 24.8.1995 (Ex.PW1/5) the respondent/defendant informed the appellant/plaintiff that the
appellant/plaintiff could be appointed as a dealer subject to completion of various formalities. Appellant/plaintiff realized that it would not be able to
complete the formalities as directed by the respondent/defendant as the appellant/plaintiff company was engaged in the industrial activity and funds
based activity and therefore cannot be appointed as dealer of the respondent/defendant and therefore the appellant/plaintiff proposed the
respondent/defendant to allow one of its associate company to be appointed as a dealer. Appellant/plaintiff in terms of the demand of the
respondent/defendant paid a sum of Rs.5,25,000/- to the respondent/defendant vide pay order no. 025760 dated 30.9.1995 towards the balance
payment of the dealership fee. Respondent/defendant allowed the appellant/plaintiff to seek replacement with its sister concern, but which was also
found not to be permissible/possible as the sister concern was not in a position to complete formalities.
Appellant/plaintiff therefore since the dealership formalities could not be completed, and that the appellant/plaintiff or its sister concern could not be
appointed as a dealer, vide its letter dated 30.9.1995 sought refund of the amount of Rs. 6,25,000/-. Since the respondent/defendant did not refund the
amount, the appellant/plaintiff served a demand notice dated 21.3.1997 (Ex.PW1/6). Respondent/defendant instead of complying with the notice sent a
false reply dated 30.4.1997 (Ex.PW1/7).
Appellant/plaintiff hence filed the subject suit.
Respondent/defendant contested the suit and pleaded that as per the terms and conditions of the dealership, the dealership fee was not refundable.
Reference was invited by the respondent/defendant as per its written statement to Clause 11 (A) of the letter of the respondent/defendant dated
24.8.1995 to the appellant/plaintiff stating that admission fee of Rs.6 lacs is neither refundable nor the dealership transferable and if the dealership is
terminated, the fee of Rs.6 lacs becomes non-refundable. Therefore, as per the respondent/defendant once the appellant/plaintiff agreed to this term
with open eyes, hence the amount which was sought by the appellant/plaintiff was not refundable.
After pleadings were completed, the trial court framed the following issues:-
“1. Whether the suit is signed, verified and instituted by duly authorized person? OPP
Whether the suit is barred by territorial jurisdiction? OPP.
Whether it is proved that plaintiff was appointed as authorized dealer of the defendant? If yes, what is the effect? OPP.
Whether the amount of Rs.6,25,000/- paid to the defendant is liable to be refunded? OPP.
Whether the plaintiff is stopped from claiming refund of Rs.6,25,000/-? OPD.
Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the interest, if yes, at what rate and on what amount.
To what relief, if any, the plaintiff is entitled to?
Relief.â€
The relevant issues for determination are issues nos. 3 and 4 and which issues were decided by the trial court in favour of the respondent/defendant
holding that in view of the application filed by the appellant/plaintiff (Ex.D-1/Ex.PW1/3) the dealership fee could not be refunded as per the terms
given in the annexure to the application form. Trial court has held that the appellant/plaintiff failed to fulfill the terms and conditions as mentioned in the
letter dated 24.8.1995 (Ex.PW1/5) and instead made a counter-proposal in terms of the appellant/plaintiff’s letter dated 9.9.1995 (Ex.P-2). Trial
court held that even the subsidiary company of the appellant/plaintiff could not be appointed as a dealer as it was not in a position to fulfill the
conditions laid down in the letter dated 24.8.1995 (Ex.PW1/5). Accordingly, the trial court held that appellant/plaintiff failed to fulfill the conditions of
being appointed as a dealer nor could the sister concern of the appellant/plaintiff complete the formalities and hence the amount paid by the
appellant/plaintiff could not be refunded to the appellant/plaintiff. Trial court also further held that a fresh contract between the sister concern of the
appellant/plaintiff and the respondent/defendant resulted when the appellant/plaintiff vide its letter dated 30.9.1995 (Ex.P-4) forwarded the draft of
Rs.5,25,000/-. Trial court has also referred to the undertaking dated 21.2.1995 (Ex.D-2) given by the appellant/plaintiff that in case of non-compliance,
the admission of the appellant/plaintiff as a dealer will automatically lapse and the appellant/plaintiff undertakes to accept the decision of the
respondent/defendant in this regard. Trial court has concluded that as the respondent/defendant accepted the proposal of the appellant/plaintiff vide its
letter dated 4.1.1996 Ex.P-5, and that therefore in accordance with the agreed terms and conditions, the appellant/plaintiff is estopped from claiming
the refund of Rs.6,25,000/-.
6.(i) In my opinion, appellant/plaintiff is entitled to succeed and the impugned judgment has to be set aside because it is seen that on the record of this
case, there is no Clause 16 of Annexure-1 to the application form and all that is there on record of the trial court is Clause 11(A) of the procedure of
selection which specifies that the onetime non-refundable dealership fee would be of Rs.6 lacs and dealership is non-transferable. Once therefore
there is no clause providing for forfeiture for noncompliance of formalities, the respondent/defendant could not have forfeited the amount received by
it for prospective dealership. Even assuming for the sake of arguments that there isa Clause 16 of Annexure-1 to the letter dated 24.8.1995, andwhich
in addition to what is stated in Clause 11(A) of theprocedure for selection provides that if the dealership isterminated the fee of Rs.6 lacs is non-
refundable by therespondent/defendant, even then this clause will come intooperation only if dealership is granted. Admittedly, no dealershipwas
granted to the appellant/plaintiff or its sister concern. Theissue therefore of forfeiture of dealership fee could only be if thedealership is granted and
thereafter cancelled.
(ii) Most importantly I may note that in terms of the same application form containing procedure for selection, in Clause 11(B) and (C) thereof, it is
specifically provided that processing fee is only Rs.2,000/- and in case a person is not selected as a dealer, then, after deducting the processing fee of
Rs.2,000/-, the remaining amount of Rs.98,000/- would be refunded.
(iii) Also the undertaking Ex.D2 dated 21.2.1995 given by the appellant/plaintiff only provides that in case of any noncompliance of the undertaking
dealership will lapse and decision of the respondent/defendant will be accepted but this undertaking nowhere provides that even before dealership is
granted, then, the amount of Rs.6,25,000/- lacs which is given by an applicant, who is a prospective dealer, would stand forfeited for non-compliance
of formalities. As already stated above, in terms of Clause 11(B) and (C) of the procedure for selection, in case of non-appointment as a dealer there
would only be a processing fee charge of Rs.2,000/- and that no other amount would be deducted by the respondent/defendant. In my opinion
therefore the appellant/plaintiff is entitled to succeed by respondent/defendant being directed to refund a sum of Rs.6,23,000/- instead of a sum of
Rs.6,25,000/-, along with interest from the date of service of the legal notice dated 21.3.1997 (Ex.PW1/6).
In my opinion there is also a legal issue on the basisof which this appeal has to be allowed and the suit for recoveryfiled by the appellant/plaintiff has
to be decreed. This is becauseof the provisions of Sections 73 and 74 of the Indian ContractAct, 1872. In law merely because there is a breach of
contractsuch breach is not actionable unless because of the breach loss iscaused to the aggrieved party. There can be forfeiture of anamount paid
under a contract only when the aggrieved party iscaused loss. Two relevant judgments in this regard are the judgments of the Constitution Bench of
the Supreme Court in the case of Fateh Chand Vs. Balkishan Dass AIR 1963 SC 1405and the recent judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of
Kailash Nath Associates Vs. Delhi Development Authority and Another, (2015) 4 SCC 136. The relevant paras in the judgment in the case of Kailash
Nath Associates (supra) are paras 34, 43 and 43.1 to 43.7 and these paras read as under:-
 “34. In Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Das, this Court held:
“The section is clearly an attempt to eliminate the somewhat elaborate refinements made under the English common law in distinguishing between
stipulations providing for payment of liquidated damages and stipulations in the nature of penalty. Under the common law a genuine pre-estimate of
damages by mutual agreement is regarded as a stipulation naming liquidated damages and binding between the parties: a stipulation in a contract in
terrorem is a penalty and the Court refuses to enforce it, awarding to the aggrieved party only reasonable compensation. The Indian Legislature has
sought to cut across the web of rules and presumptions under the English common law, by enacting a uniform principle applicable to all stipulations
naming amounts to be paid in case of breach, and stipulations by way of penalty.....
* * *
Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act deals with the measure of damages in two classes of cases (i) where the contract names a sum to be paid in
case of breach and (ii) where the contract contains any other stipulation by way of penalty. We are in the present case not concerned to decide
whether a covenant of forfeiture of deposit for due performance of a contract falls within the first class. The measure of damages in the case of
breach of a stipulation by way of penalty is by Section 74 reasonable compensation not exceeding the penalty stipulated for. In assessing damages the
Court has, subject to the limit of the penalty stipulated, jurisdiction to award such compensation as it deems reasonable having regard to all the
circumstances of the case. Jurisdiction of the Court to award compensation in case of breach of contract is unqualified except as to the maximum
stipulated; but compensation has to be reasonable, and that imposes upon the Court duty to award compensation according to settled principles. The
section undoubtedly says that the aggrieved party is entitled to receive compensation from the party who has broken the contract, whether or not
actual damage or loss is proved to have been caused by the breach. Thereby it merelydispenses with proof of ""actual loss or damages""; it doesnot
justify the award of compensation when in consequenceof the breach no legal injury at all has resulted, because compensation for breach of contract
can be awarded to make good loss or damage which naturally arose in the usual course of things, or which the parties knew when they made the
contract, to be likely to result from the breach.(At page 526, 527)
* * *
Section 74 declares the law as to liability upon breach of contract where compensation is by agreement of the parties pre-determined, or where there
is a stipulation by way of penalty. But the application of the enactment is not restricted to cases where the aggrieved party claims relief as a Plaintiff.
The section does not confer a special benefit upon any party; it merely declares the law that notwithstanding any term in the contract predetermining
damages or providing for forfeiture of any property by way of penalty, the court will award to the party aggrieved only reasonable compensation not
exceeding the amount named or penalty stipulated. The jurisdiction of the court is not determined by the accidental circumstance of the party in default
being a Plaintiff or a Defendant in a suit. Use of the expression ""to receive from the party who has broken the contract"" does not predicate that the
jurisdiction of the court to adjust amounts which have been paid by the party in default cannot be exercised in dealing with the claim of the party
complaining of breach of contract. The court has to adjudge in every case reasonable compensation to which the Plaintiff is entitled from the
Defendant on breach of the contract. Such compensation has to be ascertained having regard to the conditions existing on the date of the breach.â€
 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
On a conspectus of the above authorities, the law on compensation for breach of contract Under Section 74 can be stated to be as follows:
43.1. Where a sum is named in a contract as a liquidated amount payable by way of damages, the party complaining of a breach can receive as
reasonable compensation such liquidated amount only if it is a genuine pre-estimate of damages fixed by both parties and found to be such by the
Court. In other cases, where a sum is named in a contract as a liquidated amount payable by way of damages, only reasonable compensation can be
awarded not exceeding the amount so stated. Similarly, in cases where the amount fixed is in the nature of penalty, only reasonable compensation can
be awarded not exceeding the penalty so stated. In both cases, the liquidated amount or penalty is the upper limit beyond which the Court cannot grant
reasonable compensation.
43.2. Reasonable compensation will be fixed on well known principles that are applicable to the law of contract, which are to be found inter alia in
Section 73 of the Contract Act.
43.3. Since Section 74 awards reasonable compensationfor damage or loss caused by a breach of contract,damage or loss caused is a sine qua non
for theapplicability of the Section.
43.4. The Section applies whether a person is a Plaintiff or a Defendant in a suit.
43.5. The sum spoken of may already be paid or be payable in future.
43.6. The expression ""whether or not actual damage orloss is proved to have been caused thereby"" means thatwhere it is possible to prove actual
damage or loss, suchproof is not dispensed with. It is only in cases wheredamage or loss is difficult or impossible to prove that theliquidated amount
named in the contract, if a genuinepre-estimate of damage or loss, can be awarded.
43.7. Section 74 will apply to cases of forfeiture of earnest money under a contract. Where, however, forfeiture takes place under the terms and
conditions of a public auction before agreement is reached, Section 74 would have no application.
In the present case as is seen from the admitted facts on record that the respondent/defendant neither as per its written statement nor as per its
evidence led, ever pleaded and proved that any loss has been caused to the respondent/defendant on account of the failure by the appellant/plaintiff to
take dealership of the respondent/defendant. Therefore even assuming that there is some breach of contract on the part of the appellant/plaintiff, yet
since no loss has been caused to the respondent/defendant which is pleaded and proved, therefore in accordance with the ratio of the judgments of the
Supreme Court in the cases of Fateh Chand (supra)and Kailash Nath Associates (supra), the respondent/defendant could not have forfeited the total
amount of Rs.6,25,000/- deposited by the appellant/plaintiff with the respondent/defendant.
This appeal is accordingly allowed. The suit of the appellant/plaintiff is decreed against the respondent/defendant for recovery of a sum of
Rs.6,23,000/- along with interest at 7 ½% simple from 21.3.1997 till the date of filing of the suit on 1.8.1997 and thereafter pendente lite and future
till realization of the decretal amount at the same rate of 7 ½% per annum simple. Parties are left to bear their own costs. Decree sheet be
prepared.â€
It is, therefore, held that the respondent/defendant wrongly relied upon Clause 19 for forfeiting the amount paid to it because Clause 19 would only
come into play if the first dealership was granted to the appellant/plaintiff, but admittedly no dealership was granted in the present case. In any case,
an issue of forfeiture cannot be upheld in law unless the plea of forfeiture is based upon loss which is pleaded and proved to be caused, and the same
is held by the Constitution Bench Judgment of the Supreme Court in Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Dass, AIR 1963 SC 1405as referred to in the judgment
in the case of M/s S.P.Virmani & Sons Pvt. Ltd. (supra).
I may note that the respondent/defendant in RFA No. 576/2005, is the respondent/defendant in this RFA being M/s O.T.C. Exchange of India, had
applied for review of the judgment dated 30.10.2017, and this Review Petition No. 105/2018 was also dismissed by the order of this Court dated
09.03.2018.
In view of the aforesaid discussion, this appeal is allowed, suit of the appellant/plaintiff is decreed for a sum of Rs. 6,00,000/- along with pendente
lite and future interest to be paid at 7½ % per annum simple, inasmuch as the respondent/defendant would have been put to some loss of man
hours/time/money in dealing with the application of the appellant/plaintiff and for which the respondent/defendant can forfeit a sum of Rs. 25,000/-.
The suit of the appellant/plaintiff therefore will be decreed for a sum of Rs. 6,00,000/- along with pendente lite and future interest till payment to be
paid at 7½ % per annum simple. Parties are left to bear their own costs. Decree sheet be prepared.
Appeal is accordingly allowed and disposed of.